Office of Public Sector Information
PART 2 continued CHAPTER 1 continued
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) If the condition mentioned in subsection (2) is satisfied, this section applies to a claim in relation to an exclusion decision that a responsible body—
(a) has discriminated against a person (“A”) in a way which is made unlawful under this Chapter; or
(b) is by virtue of section 58 to be treated as having discriminated against a person (“A”) in such a way.
(2) The condition is that arrangements (“appeal arrangements”) have been made—
(a) under section 67(1) of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998, or
(b) under an agreement entered into between the responsible body for a city academy and the Secretary of State under section 482 of the Education Act 1996,
enabling an appeal to be made against the decision by A or by his parent.
(3) The claim must be made under the appeal arrangements.
(4) The body hearing the claim has the powers which it has in relation to an appeal under the appeal arrangements.
(5) “Exclusion decision” means—
(a) a decision of a kind mentioned in section 67(1) of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998;
(b) a decision not to reinstate a pupil who has been permanently excluded from a city academy by its head teacher, taken by the responsible body or on its behalf.
(6) “Responsible body”, in relation to a maintained school, includes the discipline committee of the governing body if that committee is required to be established as a result of regulations made under paragraph 4 of Schedule 11 to the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.
(7) “Maintained school” has the meaning given in section 28Q(5).”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) If the appropriate authority is satisfied (whether on a complaint or otherwise) that a responsible body—
(a) has acted, or is proposing to act, unreasonably in the discharge of a duty imposed by or under section 28D or 28E, or
(b) has failed to discharge a duty imposed by or under either of those sections,
it may give that body such directions as to the discharge of the duty as appear to it to be expedient.
(2) Subsection (3) applies in relation to—
(a) special schools which are not maintained special schools but which are approved by the Secretary of State, or by the National Assembly, under section 342 of the Education Act 1996; and
(b) city academies.
(3) If the appropriate authority is satisfied (whether on a complaint or otherwise) that a responsible body—
(a) has acted, or is proposing to act, unreasonably in the discharge of a duty which that body has in relation to—
(i) the provision to the appropriate authority of copies of that body’s accessibility plan, or
(ii) the inspection of that plan, or
(b) has failed to discharge that duty,
it may give that body such directions as to the discharge of the duty as appear to it to be expedient.
(4) Directions may be given under subsection (1) or (3) even if the performance of the duty is contingent upon the opinion of the responsible body.
(5) Subsection (6) applies if the Tribunal has made an order under section 28I(3).
(6) If the Secretary of State is satisfied (whether on a complaint or otherwise) that the responsible body concerned—
(a) has acted, or is proposing to act, unreasonably in complying with the order, or
(b) has failed to comply with the order,
he may give that body such directions as to compliance with the order as appear to him to be expedient.
(7) Directions given under subsection (1), (3) or (6)—
(a) may be varied or revoked by the directing authority; and
(b) may be enforced, on the application of the directing authority, by a mandatory order obtained in accordance with section 31 of the Supreme Court Act 1981.
(8) “Appropriate authority” means—
(a) in relation to England, the Secretary of State; and
(b) in relation to Wales, the National Assembly.
(9) “Directing authority” means—
(a) the Secretary of State in relation to a direction given by him; and
(b) the National Assembly in relation to a direction given by it.”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) A claim that a responsible body in Scotland—
(a) has discriminated against a person in a way which is unlawful under this Chapter, or
(b) is by virtue of section 58 to be treated as having discriminated against a person in such a way,
may be made the subject of civil proceedings in the same way as any other claim for the enforcement of a statutory duty.
(2) Proceedings in Scotland may be brought only in a sheriff court.
(3) The remedies available in such proceedings are those which are available in the Court of Session other than an award of damages.
(4) Part 3 of Schedule 3 makes further provision about the enforcement of this Chapter and about procedure.
(5) In relation to civil proceedings in Scotland, in that Part of that Schedule—
(a) references to sections 28I, 28K and 28L, or any of them, are to be construed as a reference to this section;
(b) references to the Tribunal are to be construed as references to the sheriff court.”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) Any term in a contract or other agreement made by or on behalf of a responsible body is void so far as it purports to—
(a) require a person to do anything which would contravene any provision of, or made under, this Chapter;
(b) exclude or limit the operation of any provision of, or made under, this Chapter; or
(c) prevent any person from making a claim under this Chapter.
(2) Paragraphs (b) and (c) of subsection (1) do not apply to an agreement settling a claim—
(a) under section 28I or 28N; or
(b) to which section 28K or 28L applies.
(3) On the application of any person interested in an agreement to which subsection (1) applies, a county court or a sheriff court may make such order as it thinks just for modifying the agreement to take account of the effect of subsection (1).
(4) No such order may be made unless all persons affected have been—
(a) given notice of the application; and
(b) afforded an opportunity to make representations to the court.
(5) Subsection (4) applies subject to any rules of court providing for notice to be dispensed with.
(6) An order under subsection (3) may include provision as respects any period before the making of the order.”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) This section applies for the purpose of interpreting this Chapter.
(2) “Disabled pupil” means a pupil who is a disabled person.
(3) “Pupil”—
(a) in relation to England and Wales, has the meaning given in section 3(1) of the Education Act 1996; and
(b) in relation to Scotland, has the meaning given in section 135(1) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980.
(4) Except in relation to Scotland (when it has the meaning given in section 135(1) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980) “school” means—
(a) a maintained school;
(b) a maintained nursery school;
(c) an independent school;
(d) a special school which is not a maintained special school but which is approved by the Secretary of State, or by the National Assembly, under section 342 of the Education Act 1996;
(e) a pupil referral unit.
(5) In subsection (4)—
“maintained school” has the meaning given in section 20(7) of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998;
“maintained nursery school” has the meaning given in section 22(9) of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998;
“independent school” has the meaning given in section 463 of the Education Act 1996; and
“pupil referral unit” has the meaning given in section 19(2) of the Education Act 1996.
(6) “Responsible body” has the meaning given in section 28A(5).
(7) “Governing body”, in relation to a maintained school, means the body corporate (constituted in accordance with Schedule 9 to the School Standards and Framework Act 1998) which the school has as a result of section 36 of that Act.
(8) “Parent”—
(a) in relation to England and Wales, has the meaning given in section 576 of the Education Act 1996; and
(b) in relation to Scotland, has the meaning given in section 135(1) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980.
(9) In relation to England and Wales “permitted form of selection” means—
(a) if the school is a maintained school which is not designated as a grammar school under section 104 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998, any form of selection mentioned in section 99(2) or (4) of that Act;
(b) if the school is a maintained school which is so designated, any of its selective admission arrangements;
(c) if the school is an independent school, any arrangements which make provision for any or all of its pupils to be selected by reference to general or special ability or aptitude, with a view to admitting only pupils of high ability or aptitude.
(10) In relation to Scotland, “permitted form of selection” means—
(a) if the school is managed by an education authority, such arrangements as have been approved by the Scottish Ministers for the selection of pupils for admission;
(b) if the school is an independent school or a self-governing school, any arrangements which make provision for any or all of its pupils to be selected by reference to general or special ability or aptitude, with a view to admitting only pupils of high ability or aptitude.
(11) In subsection (10), “education authority”, “independent school” and “self-governing school” have the meaning given in section 135(1) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980.
(12) “City academy” means a school which is known as a city academy as a result of subsection (3) or (3A) of section 482 of the Education Act 1996.
(13) “Accessibility strategy” and “accessibility plan” have the meaning given in section 28D.
(14) “The National Assembly” means the National Assembly for Wales.”
(1) In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) It is unlawful for the body responsible for an educational institution to discriminate against a disabled person—
(a) in the arrangements it makes for determining admissions to the institution;
(b) in the terms on which it offers to admit him to the institution; or
(c) by refusing or deliberately omitting to accept an application for his admission to the institution.
(2) It is unlawful for the body responsible for an educational institution to discriminate against a disabled student in the student services it provides, or offers to provide.
(3) It is unlawful for the body responsible for an educational institution to discriminate against a disabled student by excluding him from the institution, whether permanently or temporarily.
(4) In the case of an act which constitutes discrimination by virtue of section 55, this section also applies to discrimination against a person who is not disabled.
(5) The body responsible for an educational institution is to be determined in accordance with Schedule 4B, and in the remaining provisions of this Chapter is referred to as the “responsible body”.
(6) “Educational institution”, in relation to England and Wales, means an institution—
(a) within the higher education sector;
(b) within the further education sector; or
(c) designated in an order made by the Secretary of State.
(7) “Educational institution”, in relation to Scotland, means—
(a) an institution within the higher education sector (within the meaning of section 56(2) of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992);
(b) a college of further education with a board of management within the meaning of section 36 of that Act;
(c) a central institution within the meaning of section 135 of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980;
(d) a college of further education maintained by an education authority in the exercise of their further education functions in providing courses of further education within the meaning of section 1(5)(b)(ii) of that Act;
(e) an institution designated in an order made by the Secretary of State.
(8) Subsection (6) is to be read with section 91 of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.
(9) The Secretary of State may not make an order under subsection (6)(c) or (7)(e) unless he is satisfied that the institution concerned is wholly or partly funded from public funds.
(10) Before making an order under subsection (7)(e), the Secretary of State must consult the Scottish Ministers.
(11) “Student services” means services of any description which are provided wholly or mainly for students.
(12) Regulations may make provision as to services which are, or are not, to be regarded for the purposes of subsection (2) as student services.”
(2) In the 1995 Act, insert the Schedule set out in Schedule 4.
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) For the purposes of section 28R, a responsible body discriminates against a disabled person if—
(a) for a reason which relates to his disability, it treats him less favourably than it treats or would treat others to whom that reason does not or would not apply; and
(b) it cannot show that the treatment in question is justified.
(2) For the purposes of section 28R, a responsible body also discriminates against a disabled person if—
(a) it fails, to his detriment, to comply with section 28T; and
(b) it cannot show that its failure to comply is justified.
(3) In relation to a failure to take a particular step, a responsible body does not discriminate against a person if it shows—
(a) that, at the time in question, it did not know and could not reasonably have been expected to know, that he was disabled; and
(b) that its failure to take the step was attributable to that lack of knowledge.
(4) The taking of a particular step by a responsible body in relation to a person does not amount to less favourable treatment if it shows that at the time in question it did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, that he was disabled.
(5) Subsections (6) to (9) apply in determining whether, for the purposes of this section—
(a) less favourable treatment of a person, or
(b) failure to comply with section 28T,
is justified.
(6) Less favourable treatment of a person is justified if it is necessary in order to maintain—
(a) academic standards; or
(b) standards of any other prescribed kind.
(7) Less favourable treatment is also justified if—
(a) it is of a prescribed kind;
(b) it occurs in prescribed circumstances; or
(c) it is of a prescribed kind and it occurs in prescribed circumstances.
(8) Otherwise less favourable treatment, or a failure to comply with section 28T, is justified only if the reason for it is both material to the circumstances of the particular case and substantial.
(9) If, in a case falling within subsection (1)—
(a) the responsible body is under a duty imposed by section 28T in relation to the disabled person, but
(b) fails without justification to comply with that duty,
its treatment of that person cannot be justified under subsection (8) unless that treatment would have been justified even if it had complied with that duty.”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) The responsible body for an educational institution must take such steps as it is reasonable for it to have to take to ensure that—
(a) in relation to the arrangements it makes for determining admissions to the institution, disabled persons are not placed at a substantial disadvantage in comparison with persons who are not disabled; and
(b) in relation to student services provided for, or offered to, students by it, disabled students are not placed at a substantial disadvantage in comparison with students who are not disabled.
(2) In considering whether it is reasonable for it to have to take a particular step in order to comply with its duty under subsection (1), a responsible body must have regard to any relevant provisions of a code of practice issued under section 53A.
(3) Subsection (4) applies if a person has made a confidentiality request of which a responsible body is aware.
(4) In determining whether it is reasonable for the responsible body to have to take a particular step in relation to that person in order to comply with its duty under subsection (1), regard shall be had to the extent to which taking the step in question is consistent with compliance with that request.
(5) “Confidentiality request” means a request made by a disabled person, which asks for the nature, or asks for the existence, of his disability to be treated as confidential.
(6) This section imposes duties only for the purpose of determining whether a responsible body has discriminated against a disabled person; and accordingly a breach of any such duty is not actionable as such.”
(1) In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) Part 1 of Schedule 4C modifies this Chapter for the purpose of its application in relation to—
(a) higher education secured by a local education authority;
(b) further education—
(i) secured by a local education authority; or
(ii) provided by the governing body of a maintained school;
(c) recreational or training facilities secured by a local education authority.
(2) Part 2 of that Schedule modifies this Chapter for the purpose of its application in relation to—
(a) further education, within the meaning of section 1(5)(b)(iii) of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980;
(b) facilities whose provision is secured by an education authority under section 1(3) of that Act.”
(2) In the 1995 Act, insert the Schedule set out in Schedule 5.
(1) In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) A claim by a person—
(a) that a responsible body has discriminated against him in a way which is unlawful under this Chapter,
(b) that a responsible body is by virtue of section 57 or 58 to be treated as having discriminated against him in such a way, or
(c) that a person is by virtue of section 57 to be treated as having discriminated against him in such a way,
may be made the subject of civil proceedings in the same way as any other claim in tort or (in Scotland) in reparation for breach of statutory duty.
(2) For the avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared that damages in respect of discrimination in a way which is unlawful under this Chapter may include compensation for injury to feelings whether or not they include compensation under any other head.
(3) Proceedings in England and Wales may be brought only in a county court.
(4) Proceedings in Scotland may be brought only in a sheriff court.
(5) The remedies available in such proceedings are those which are available in the High Court or (as the case may be) the Court of Session.
(6) The fact that a person who brings proceedings under this Part against a responsible body may also be entitled to bring proceedings against that body under Part 2 is not to affect the proceedings under this Part.
(7) Part 4 of Schedule 3 makes further provision about the enforcement of this Part and about procedure.”
(2) In Schedule 3 to the 1995 Act (enforcement and procedure), insert the provisions set out in paragraph 2 of Schedule 3.
(1) In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) This section applies if—
(a) premises are occupied by an educational institution under a lease;
(b) but for this section, the responsible body would not be entitled to make a particular alteration to the premises; and
(c) the alteration is one which the responsible body proposes to make in order to comply with section 28T.
(2) Except to the extent to which it expressly so provides, the lease has effect, as a result of this subsection, as if it provided—
(a) for the responsible body to be entitled to make the alteration with the written consent of the lessor;
(b) for the responsible body to have to make a written application to the lessor for consent if it wishes to make the alteration;
(c) if such an application is made, for the lessor not to withhold his consent unreasonably; and
(d) for the lessor to be entitled to make his consent subject to reasonable conditions.
(3) In this section—
“lease” includes a tenancy, sub-lease or sub-tenancy and an agreement for a lease, tenancy, sub-lease or sub-tenancy; and
“sub-lease” and “sub-tenancy” have such meaning as may be prescribed.
(4) If the terms and conditions of a lease—
(a) impose conditions which are to apply if the responsible body alters the premises, or
(b) entitle the lessor to impose conditions when consenting to the responsible body’s altering the premises,
the responsible body is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) as not being entitled to make the alteration.
(5) Part 3 of Schedule 4 supplements the provisions of this section.”
(2) In Schedule 4 to the 1995 Act (premises occupied under leases), at the end insert the provisions set out in Schedule 6.
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
Section 28P applies for the purposes of this Chapter as it applies for the purposes of Chapter 1, but with the substitution, for paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (2), of “under section 28V”.”
In the 1995 Act, insert the following section—
(1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply for the purpose of interpreting this Chapter.
(2) “Disabled student” means a student who is a disabled person.
(3) “Student” means a person who is attending, or undertaking a course of study at, an educational institution.
(4) “Educational institution”, “responsible body” and “student services” have the meaning given in section 28R.”
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001