Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 561

The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001

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© Crown Copyright 2001

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    (2) The regulations specified in Schedule 1 are hereby revoked.

Interpretation: general
     2.  - (1) In these Regulations the following expressions shall have the following meanings - 

"the Act" means the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994;

"agricultural machine" means a vehicle which is - 

(a) an agricultural tractor, as defined in paragraph 4B(2) of Schedule 1 to the Act[2], or

(b) an off-road tractor, as defined in paragraph 4B(4) of that Schedule, or

(c) a light agricultural vehicle, as defined in paragraph 4C(2) of that Schedule, or

(d) an agricultural engine, or

(e) a mowing machine;

"the Council Regulation" means Council Regulation (EC) No. 2411/98[3] on the recognition in intra-community traffic of the distinguishing signs of member states in which motor vehicles are registered;

"dual purpose plate" means a plate or other device which displays both the registration mark of the vehicle and the international distinguishing sign of the United Kingdom in accordance with the Council Regulation;

"EEA State" means a state which is a contracting party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area signed at Oporto on 2nd May 1992 as adjusted by the Protocol signed at Brussels on 17th March 1993;

"motor cycle" means a vehicle having 2 wheels and includes a vehicle of that description in combination with a sidecar;

"motor tricycle" means a vehicle having 3 wheels symmetrically arranged;

"quadricycle" means a vehicle having four wheels, a maximum net engine power not exceeding 15 kilowatts and an unladen mass (excluding the mass of batteries in the case of an electrically-powered vehicle) not exceeding - 

(a) 550 kilograms in the case of a goods vehicle, and

(b) 400 kilograms in any other case;

"registration plate" means a plate or other device displaying the registration mark of the vehicle and in the case of a dual purpose plate means such part of the plate as is not intended for the display the international distinguishing sign of the United Kingdom in accordance with the Council Regulation;

"prescribed font" means the style shown in Schedule 4 for a character of the height specified in that Schedule;

"relevant date" means - 

(a) in Great Britain, 1st October 1938, and

(b) in Northern Ireland, 1st January 1948;

"works truck" means a vehicle which is - 

(a) designed for use in private premises, and

(b) used on public roads only - 


(i) for carrying goods between private premises and a vehicle on a road in the immediate vicinity, or

(ii) in passing from one part of private premises to another or between private premises and other private premises in the immediate vicinity, or

(iii) in connection with road works at or in the immediate vicinity of the site of the works.

    (2) Unless the context otherwise requires, a reference in these Regulations to - 

(a) a registration plate fixed or to be fixed to a vehicle, or

(b) a registration mark displayed or to be displayed on a plate,

is to be construed, where the vehicle is towing a trailer, so as to include a reference to the registration plate which is required under these Regulations to be fixed to the trailer or a reference to the mark displayed on the plate fixed to that trailer.

Exempt vehicles
     3. Nothing in these Regulations applies to - 

(a) an invalid vehicle, that is a vehicle the unladen weight of which does not exceed 254 kilograms and which is specially designed and constructed, and not merely adapted, for the use of a person suffering from a physical disability and solely used by that person; or

(b) a pedestrian-controlled vehicle, that is a vehicle the unladen weight of which does not exceed 450 kilograms which is neither constructed nor adapted for the carriage of a driver or passenger.

(a) in the case of a motor cycle, motor tricycle or quadricycle - 


(i) Council Directive 93/94/EEC[4] (as amended by Commission Directive 99/26/EC[5]) as regards the space to be provided for fixing of the rear registration plate, and

(ii) Council Directive 93/92/EEC[6] as regards the rear registration plate lamp;



(b) in the case of any other vehicle or a trailer - 



(i) Council Directive 70/222/EEC[7] as regards the space to be provided for fixing of the rear registration plate, and

(ii) Council Directive 76/760/EEC[8] (as amended by Commission Directive 97/31/EC[9]) as regards the rear registration plate lamp.

Fixing of rear registration plates: vehicles registered on or after the relevant date
     5.  - (1) This regulation applies to vehicles, other than works trucks, road rollers and agricultural machines, first registered on or after the relevant date.

    (2) A registration plate must be fixed on the rear of - 

(a) the vehicle, or

(b) where the vehicle is towing a trailer, the trailer, or

(c) where the vehicle is towing more than one trailer, the rearmost trailer.

    (3) Where a vehicle (or, in a case where the plate is required to be fixed on a trailer, that trailer) has been constructed so as to satisfy the requirements of the relevant type-approval directive, whether or not it is required by law to satisfy them, the plate may be fixed in the space provided in accordance with those requirements but if it is not so fixed it must be fixed in the manner required by paragraph (5).

    (4) Except as provided in paragraph (3) the plate must be fixed in the manner required by paragraph (5).

    (5) This paragraph requires the plate to be fixed - 

(a) vertically or, where that is not reasonably practicable, in a position as close to the vertical as is reasonably practicable, and

(b) in such a position that in normal daylight the characters of the registration mark are easily distinguishable from every part of a relevant area having the diagonal length specified in paragraph (6).

    (6) The diagonal length of the relevant area is - 

(a) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is at least 57 millimetres, 22 metres,

(b) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is 50 millimetres, 21.5 metres,

(c) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is 44 millimetres, 18 metres.

Fixing of front registration plates: vehicles registered on or after the relevant date
     6.  - (1) This regulation applies to vehicles, other than works trucks, road rollers and agricultural machines, first registered on or after the relevant date.

    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (5), a registration plate must be fixed on the front of the vehicle in the manner required by paragraph (3).

    (3) This paragraph requires the plate to be fixed - 

(a) vertically or, where that is not reasonably practicable, in a position as close to the vertical as is reasonably practicable,

(b) in such a position that in normal daylight the characters of the registration mark are easily distinguishable from every part of a relevant area having the diagonal length specified in paragraph (4).

    (4) The diagonal length of the relevant area is - 

(a) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is at least 57 millimetres, 22 metres,

(b) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is 50 millimetres, 21.5 metres,

(c) in the case of a mark having characters the width of which is 44 millimetres, 18 metres.

    (5) In the case of a motor cycle or a motor tricycle which does not have a body of a type which is characteristic of the body of a four-wheeled vehicle - 

(a) a registration plate must not be fixed on the front of a vehicle if it was first registered on or after 1st September 2001,

(b) a plate need not be fixed on the front of the vehicle if it was first registered before 1st September 2001.

Fixing of registration plates: vehicles registered before the relevant date
     7.  - (1) This regulation applies to vehicles, other than works trucks, road rollers and agricultural machines, first registered before the relevant date.

    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (4), a registration plate must be fixed in the manner required by paragraph (3) on - 

(a) the front of the vehicle, and

(b) the rear of - 


(i) the vehicle or,

(ii) where the vehicle is towing a trailer, the trailer or,

(iii) where the vehicle is towing more than one trailer, the rearmost trailer.

    (3) This paragraph requires each plate to be fixed - 

(a) in a vertical position or, where that is not possible, in a position as close to the vertical as is reasonably practicable, and

(b) in such a position that in normal daylight the characters of the registration mark are easily distinguishable, in the case of a plate fixed on the front of the vehicle, from in front of the vehicle and, in the case of a plate fixed on the rear of the vehicle or trailer, from behind the vehicle or trailer.

    (4) In the case of a motor cycle and a motor tricycle which does not have a body of a type which is characteristic of the body of a four-wheeled vehicle, a registration plate need not be fixed on the front of the vehicle.

Fixing of registration plates: works trucks, road rollers and agricultural machines
     8.  - (1) This regulation applies to works trucks, road rollers and agricultural machines.

    (2) A registration plate must be fixed on the vehicle in a vertical position or, where that is not possible, in a position as close to the vertical as is reasonably practicable - 

(a) on both sides of the vehicles, so that the characters of the mark are easily distinguishable from both sides of the vehicle, or

(b) on the rear of the vehicle, so that the characters of the mark are easily distinguishable from behind the vehicle, or

(c) where the vehicle is towing a trailer or trailers and the plate is not fixed on the sides of the vehicle, on the trailer or the rearmost trailer (as the case may be) so that the characters of the mark are easily distinguishable from behind the trailer.

    (3) Where the towing vehicle is an agricultural machine, a plate fixed on the trailer may, instead of displaying the registration mark of the towing vehicle, display the mark of any other agricultural machine kept by the keeper of the towing vehicle.

Lighting of rear registration plates
     9.  - (1) This regulation applies to vehicles other than - 

(a) works trucks,

(b) road rollers,

(c) agricultural machines, and

(d) vehicles first registered before the relevant date.

    (2) Where the vehicle is being used on a road between sunset and sunrise the registration plate fixed on the rear of - 

(a) the vehicle, or

(b) where the vehicle is towing a trailer, the trailer or,

(c) where the vehicle is towing more than one trailer, the rearmost trailer,

must be lit in accordance with this regulation.

    (3) Where a vehicle (or, in a case where the plate is required to be fixed on a trailer, that trailer) has been constructed so as to satisfy the requirements of the relevant type-approval directive, whether or not it is required by law to satisfy them, that plate may be lit by a lamp which complies with those requirements but if it is not so lit it must be lit in the manner required by paragraph (5).

    (4) Except as provided in paragraph (3) that plate must be lit in the manner required by paragraph (5).

    (5) This paragraph requires the plate to be lit so that it is easily distinguishable from every part of a relevant area having a diagonal length - 

(a) in the case of a plate displaying a mark having characters with a width of 44 millimetres, of 15 metres, and

(b) in any other case, of 18 metres.

Specifications for registration plates
     10.  - (1) A registration mark must be displayed on a registration plate conforming to the requirements prescribed by this regulation.

    (2) In the case of a vehicle first registered on or after 1st September 2001 the registration plate must conform to the requirements set out in Part 1 of Schedule 2.

    (3) Subject to paragraph (4), in the case of a vehicle first registered on or after 1st January 1973 but before 1st September 2001 the registration plate must conform either to the requirements set out in Part 2 of Schedule 2 or to the requirements set out in Part 1 of that Schedule.

    (4) Where on or after 1st September 2001 a new registration plate is fixed to a vehicle to which paragraph (3) applies to replace a plate previously fixed thereto, the plate must conform to the requirements set out in Part 1 of Schedule 2.

    (5) In the case of a vehicle first registered before 1st January 1973, the registration plate must conform either to one of the requirements set out in Part 3 of Schedule 2 or to the requirements set out in Part 2 of that Schedule or to the requirements set out in Part 1 of that Schedule.

    (6) The corners of a registration plate may be rounded off provided that the requirements of regulation 14(9) (margins around registration marks) are not thereby infringed.

Further requirements for registration plates
     11.  - (1) No reflex-reflecting material may be applied to any part of a registration plate and the plate must not be treated in such a way that the characters of the registration mark become, or are caused to act as, retroreflective characters.

    (2) A registration plate must not be treated in any other way which renders the characters of the registration mark less easily distinguishable to the eye or which would prevent or impair the making of a true photographic image of the plate through the medium of camera and film or any other device.

    (3) A registration plate must not be fixed to a vehicle - 

(a) by means of a screw, bolt or other fixing device of any type or colour,

(b) by the placing of a screw, bolt or other fixing device in any position, or

(c) in any other manner,

which has the effect of changing the appearance or legibility of any of the characters of the registration mark, which renders the characters of the registration mark less easily distinguishable to the eye or which prevents or impairs the making of a true photographic image of the plate through the medium of camera and film or any other device.

    (4) Section 59(2)(a) of the Act (regulations the contravention of which attracts a level 3 fine) applies to paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) of this regulation.

Layout of marks
     13.  - (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), a registration mark of a description specified in column (1) of Table A must be laid out on the registration plate in conformity with one of the diagrams specified in relation to that description in column (2) of Table A.

    (2) A mark displayed on a motor cycle may not be laid out in conformity with diagram 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a or 9a.

    (3) A mark may not be laid out in conformity with diagram 2c, 3c, 4b or 7b if it is displayed on - 

(a) a registration plate fixed to a vehicle first registered on or after 1st September 2001, or

(b) a new registration plate fixed to a vehicle on or after 1st September 2001 to replace a plate previously fixed thereto (except where the vehicle was first registered before 1st January 1973).

Size and spacing of characters
     14.  - (1) Except in the cases mentioned in paragraphs (2) and (3), each character in a registration mark must be 79 millimetres high.

    (2) In the case of a registration mark displayed on a vehicle first registered before 1st September 2001, a character in a registration mark may be 89 millimetres high unless - 

(a) the vehicle was first registered on or after 1st January 1973 and the mark is displayed on a new registration plate fixed to the vehicle to replace a plate previously fixed thereto, or

(b) the vehicle is a motor cycle, motor tricycle, quadricycle, agricultural machine, works truck or road roller.

    (3) In the case of a registration mark fixed on a motor cycle, motor tricycle, quadricycle, agricultural machine, works truck or road roller, each character of the mark may be 64 millimetres high.

    (4) The width of each character of a mark other than the letter "I" and the figure "1" must be - 

(a) in the case of a mark displayed - 


(i) on a registration plate fixed to a vehicle first registered on or after 1st September 2001, or

(ii) on a new registration plate fixed to a vehicle on or after 1st September 2001 to replace a plate previously fixed thereto (except where the vehicle was first registered before 1st January 1973),



that shown in line 1 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height,

(b) in any other case, that shown in line 2 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (5) The width of every part of the stroke forming a character in a mark must be that shown in line 3 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (6) Except in a case to which paragraph (11) applies, the spacing between any two characters within a group must be that shown in line 4 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (7) The horizontal spacing between groups of characters in a mark must be that shown in line 5 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (8) The vertical spacing between groups of characters must be that shown in line 6 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (9) The width of a margin between the mark and the top, bottom and lateral edges of the registration plate must be not less than that shown in line 7 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height.

    (10) Paragraph (11) applies where - 

(a) one or both of the characters is "I" or "1",

(b) those characters are either 79 millimetres or 89 millimetres high,

(c) the mark is displayed on a vehicle first registered before 1st September 2001,

(d) the registration plate displaying the mark was fixed to the vehicle before 1st September 2001 or, if that is not the case, the vehicle was first registered before 1st January 1973 and,

(e) the plate is made of cast or pressed metal with raised characters.

    (11) Where this paragraph applies the spacing between - 

(b) two characters one of which is "I" or "1" must be within the limits shown in line 8 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height, and

(c) two characters both of which are "I" or "1" must be within the limits shown in line 9 of Table B in relation to the relevant character height,

but where one or more characters in a group is "I" or "1" all the characters within that group must be evenly spaced.

Style of characters
     15.  - (1) In the case of a registration mark displayed - 

(a) on a registration plate fixed to a vehicle first registered on or after 1st September 2001, or

(b) on a new registration plate fixed to a vehicle on or after 1st September 2001 to replace a plate previously fixed thereto (except where the vehicle was first registered before 1st January 1973),

each of the characters of the mark must be in the prescribed font.

    (2) Except in a case to which paragraph (1) applies, each of the characters of the registration mark must either be in the prescribed font or in a style which is substantially similar to the prescribed font so that the character is easily distinguishable and in particular, but without prejudice to the generality of those requirements, characters must not be formed in any way described in paragraph (4) or in a manner which is similar to any of those ways.

    (3) For the purposes of paragraph (2), a character shall not be treated as being in a style which is not substantially similar to the prescribed font merely by virtue of the fact that it has, or does not have, serifs.

    (4) The ways of forming characters referred to in paragraph (2) are their formation - 

(a) in italic script,

(b) using a font, other than italic script, in which the characters are not vertical,

(c) using a font in which the curvature or alignment of the lines of the stroke is substantially different from the prescribed font,

(d) using multiple strokes,

(e) using a broken stroke,

(f) in such a way as to make a character or more than one character appear like a different character or characters.

    (3) Unless it forms part of a dual purpose plate a registration plate may not be combined with a plate or device of any kind containing material which would not be permitted to be displayed on a dual purpose plate.

Optional early use of new-specification plates and prescribed font
     17.  - (1) This regulation applies in a case where, on or after 21st March and before 1st September 2001 a registration mark on a vehicle - 

(a) is displayed on a registration plate which conforms to the specification set out in Part 1 of Schedule 2 and is otherwise fixed on the vehicle and lit in accordance with the requirements of Part II of these Regulations,

(b) conforms to the requirements of regulations 13 and 14 as to layout and spacing of characters in so far as they apply to vehicles first registered on or after 1st September 2001, and

(c) is comprised of characters each of which is in the prescribed font.

    (2) Where this regulation applies - 

(a) regulations 17 to 22 of the Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) Regulations 1971[10] or, as the case may be,

(b) regulations 18 to 23 of the Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1973[11],

(which provide for the format and means of display of registration plates and marks) shall cease to apply in respect of that vehicle and any trailer being towed by it and the provisions of these Regulations shall apply instead.

Saving for vehicles constructed before 1st January 1973
     18. For the purposes of these Regulations a vehicle which was first registered on or after 1st January 1973 shall be treated as if it was first registered before that date if - 

(a) it is an exempt vehicle for the purposes of paragraph 1A(1) of Schedule 2 to the Act[12], or

(b) not being such a vehicle, it was constructed before 1st January 1973.

Offences under section 59 of the Act
     19.  - (1) For the purposes of section 59(1) of the Act (regulations: offences), the person responsible for complying with these Regulations is the person driving the vehicle or, where it is not being driven, the person keeping it.

    (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to a regulation the breach of which would constitute an offence under section 42(1) of the Act (not fixing a registration mark as required by virtue of section 23).



Signed on behalf of the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions


Larry Whitty
Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions

26th February 2001

(a) the British Standard specification for retroreflecting number plates published on 15 January 1998 under number BS AU 145d[13], or

(b) any other relevant standard or specification recognised for use in an EEA State and which, when in use, offers a performance equivalent to that offered by a plate complying with the British Standard specification,

and which, in either case, is marked with the number (or such other information as is necessary to permit identification) of that standard or specification.

     2. Where the registration mark is displayed on the front of the vehicle, it must have black characters on a white background.

     3. Where the registration mark is displayed on the back of the vehicle, it must have black characters on a yellow background.

(a) the British Standard Specification for reflex-reflecting number plates, published on 11 September 1972 under the number BS AU 145a[14], or

(b) any other relevant standard or specification recognised for use in an EEA State and which, when in use, offers a performance equivalent to that offered by a plate complying with the British Standard specification,

and which, in either case, is marked with the number (or such other information as is necessary to permit identification) of that standard or specification.

     2. Where the registration mark is displayed on the front of the vehicle, it must have black characters on a white background.

     3. Where the registration mark is displayed on the back of the vehicle, it must have black characters on a yellow background.

(a) be made of cast or pressed metal with raised characters, or

(b) consist of a plate to which separate characters are attached, or

(c) consist of a plastic plate having either reverse engraved characters or characters of a foil type, or

(d) consist of an unbroken rectangular area on the surface of the vehicle which is either flat or, if there is no flat area where the mark is required to be displayed, an area which is almost flat.

DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERMITTED LAYOUTS
Diagram 1a

Diagram 1b

Diagram 2a

Diagram 2b

Diagram 2c

Diagram 3a

Diagram 3b

Diagram 3c

Diagram 4a

Diagram 4b

Diagram 5a

Diagram 5b

Diagram 6a

Diagram 6b

Diagram 7a

Diagram 7b

Diagram 8a

Diagram 8b

Diagram 9a

Diagram 9b

FONT DESCRIBED FOR CHARACTERS 79 MILIMETRES IN HEIGHT
    

FONT PRESCRIBED FOR CHARACTERS 64 MILIMETRES IN HEIGHT
    

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(a) The introduction of a mandatory requirement for the use of registration plates conforming to British Standard specification BS AU 145d or an equivalent standard laid down by an EEA State (in this note called "the mandatory plates") on all vehicles first registered on or after 1st September 2001 and on other vehicles registered on or after 1st January 1973 if an existing plate is replaced. (See regulation 10 and Schedule 2.)

(b) Provision making it lawful (where it would hitherto have been unlawful) for rear plates to be fixed in the space provided on vehicles constructed in accordance with the requirements of relevant EC type-approval directives[16] and to be lit in a manner provided for in those directives. These Regulations implement those directives to that extent. (See regulations 5 and 9.)

(c) Provision for the introduction of a new registration mark format. (See regulation 13 and Schedule 3 Parts 1 and 2.)

(d) The introduction of new mandatory character sizes and a mandatory standard character font ("the prescribed font") for registration marks on vehicles first registered on or after 1st September 2001 and on other vehicles registered on or after 1st January 1973 if an existing plate is replaced. (See regulations 14 and 15(1), Schedule 3 (Part 3) and Schedule 4.)

(e) As regards registration marks on other vehicles, the prohibition both of fonts which are not substantially the same as the prescribed font and of layouts which make a mark relatively difficult to read or which disguise one character as another or part of another. (See regulation 15(2) and (3).)

(f) The prohibition of plates fitted or treated in such a manner as to obscure or disguise the mark or make it difficult or impossible to photograph. (See regulation 11.)

(g) The making of provision for the display of the international distinguishing sign of the United Kingdom adjacent to the registration mark in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No. 2411/98 (a copy of which can be obtained from the Stationery Office). (See regulation 16.)

(h) The exemption of small invalid vehicles and pedestrian-controlled vehicles from the requirement to carry registration marks and provision permitting "classic" vehicles to use old-style plates indefinitely. (See regulations 3 and 18 and regulations 10 to 14 passim.)

The Regulations make the use of mandatory plates containing characters of the specified size in the prescribed font (with or without the international distinguishing sign) optional on vehicles either currently registered or first registered before 1st September 2001 with effect from 21st March 2001. (See regulation 17.)

A draft of these Regulations has been communicated to the European Commission in accordance with Article 8 of Directive 98/34/EC (a directive of the European Parliament and Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations; OJ No. L204, 21.7.98, p. 37).

The Regulations have been made in conjunction with the Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001/560). A combined Regulatory Impact Assessment for the two instruments has been prepared and copies can be obtained from the Road Safety Division of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Zone 2/09 Great Minster House, 76 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DR (telephone number 020 7944 2452) or viewed on the DETR website www.detr.gov.uk. A copy has been placed in the library of both Houses of Parliament.

[2] Paragraphs 4B and 4C of Schedule 1 were inserted by the Finance Act 1995, Schedule 4, paragraph 10.back

[3] OJ No. L 299, 10.11.98, p. 1.back

[4] OJ No. L311, 14.12.93, p. 83.back

[5] OJ No. L118, 6.5.99, p. 32.back

[6] OJ No. L331, 14.12.93, p. 1.back

[7] OJ No. L75, 6.4.70, p. 25.back

[8] OJ No. L262, 27.9.76, p. 85.back

[9] OJ No. L171, 30.6.97, p. 49.back

[10] S.I. 1971/450. The Relevant amendments are by S.I. 1972/1865, 1975/1089 and 1984/814.back

[11] S.R. & O. (N.I.) 1973 No. 490. The relevant amendments are by S.I. 1976/2180.back

[12] Paragraph 1A was inserted by the Finance act 1996, s. 19, and amended by the Finance Act 1998, s. 17.back

[13] Published by the British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The ISBN number is 0 580 28985 0. Copies may be obtained by post from BSI Customer Services, Sales Department, at the above address or from a BSI sales outlet.back

[14] Published by the British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, being the first revision of the standard first published in 1967. The ISBN number is 0 580 07327 0. Copies may be obtained by post from BSI Customer Services, Sales Department, at the above address or from a BSI sales outlet.back

[15] Published by the British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, the standard having been revised in 1972 to BS AU 145a, as to which see the immediately preceding footnote.back

[16] The directives are Council Directives 70/222/EEC, 76/760/EEC (as amended by Commission Directive 97/31/EC), 93/92/EEC (as amended by Commission Directive 99/26/EC) and 93/94/EEC.back